Citations for Posters
Apoocalypse Now: Drop it Like It's a Hot Climate
Sewer Poster Citations: |
*Please note that disinfection with bleach ALSO occurs after the clarifier (the last stage of wastewater treatment).
1. Portland’s first sewers were built in 1864. Today 1/3 of the pipes are over 80 years old. “River Views.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, Spring 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/487721>. 2. Residential Users: About 700,000 and expected to double in the next 20 years. Christensen, Nick. "Portland Region Grows to 2.35 Million Residents, Census Estimates, with Newcomers Leading the Way." Metro News. Metro, 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.oregonmetro.gov/news/portland-region-grows-235-million-residents-census-estimates-newcomers-leading-way> "The City of Portland, Oregon." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant RSS. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 9 Jan. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/41962>. 3. Commercial Users: Pre-treated since 1982. "About Industrial Pretreatment Program." City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.portlandoregon.gov/BES/article/325124>. 4. 39% of Stormwater caught by the sewer, 35% absorbed by bioswales & permeable pavement, and 26% goes elsewhere. Baker, Linda. "New Strategies for Controlling Stormwater Overflows."New Strategies for Controlling Stormwater Overflows. Governing the States and Localities, 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/New-Strategies-Controlling-Stormwater-Overflows.html>. 6. About 4 overflows/year. “The program reduced CSOs to the Columbia Slough by more than 99% and to the Willamette River by 94%. Instead of an average of 50 Willamette River CSO events each year, there are now an average of four CSO events each winter and one event every third summer during only very heavy rain storms.” "The City of Portland, Oregon." Combined Sewer Overflow Control RSS. Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland, 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/316721>. 7. Big Pipe completed 2011, cost $1.4 billion. Captures 96% of sewer overflows. Capturing another 3% of overflows would cost an additional $300+ million. Beth Slovic, "Portland's $1.4 Billion Big Pipe Project Comes to an End after 20 Years." The Oregonian, 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/portlands_14_billion_big_pipe.html> 8. East side big pipe is 22’ diameter for 6 miles, wide enough to fit a Trimet bus. "The City of Portland, Oregon." Combined Sewer Overflow Control RSS. Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland, 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/316721>. 9. 4 tons/day of debris “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008. 18. Print. 10. Settling tank 1952 “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” 18. 11. Sludge moves through settling tank after about 2 hours. Chain pulls solids down. "Treatment Process." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant RSS. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/40669> 12. When it rains sewage is bleached (with sodium hypochlorite), de-bleached (liquid sodium bisulfite since 2000) and then dumped. "Columbia Boulevard Treatment Plant Overview." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/40645> 13. Aerator costs $1 million per year. Aeration, since 1974. "Treatment Process." 14. Clarifier since 1974. Sludge on the bottom of clarifier is circulated back to aerator "Treatment Process." 15. Anaerobic digester since 1974 "Treatment Process." 16. Bacteria eat sludge for 2-4 weeks, sludge is 97% water after treatment Anaerobic Digesters. “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008. 19. Print. 17. 23% of the biogas is flared off. “currently flares about 23 percent of the biogas it produces.” [biogas=60-65% methane] the plant recovers heat from water and engine exhaust to use in its anaerobic digesters. The engine-generators supply about 40 percent of the plant's electrical needs. . . it must be treated to remove hydrogen sulfide, siloxanes and moisture to make it an effective fuel.” “Beneficial Reuse of Biogas." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/344953>. 17. Built in 1970 "Treatment Process." 18. Polymer added to remove more water from sludge. Operations Specialist, Columbia Blvd Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tour July 16, 2010. The polymer, is most likely polyacrylamide, helps reduce the water in the sludge. Biologically inert, but degrades into highly carcinogenic acrylamide monomer when exposed to UV. 19. Belt Presses since 1993 "Treatment Process." 20. 60 dry tons of Class B biosolids produced daily that are 80% water. "Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant: Design Data- 2008." Bureau of Environmental Services. 2008. Print. 21. Sludge that is still too wet is stored and dried in the lagoon. Ron Lilienthal, Operations Specialist, Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tour July 16, 2010. Seepage to the Columbia Slough Fact Sheet and NPDES Wastewater Discharge Permit Evaluation for City of Portland. File Number 70725. May 6, 2002 <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wqpr/3238_201105270087dCS01.PDF> 22. Class B biosolids are applied to dryland pasture, Wait 30 days before grazing. National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to the Land: Advancing Standards and Practices. Washington: National Academies. 2002. 259. 23. Approximately 55% of the total biosolids generated each year are land applied, with the remainder either incinerated/processed for energy recovery, composted or landfilled. Beecher, Ned. "A National Biosolids Regulation, Quality, End Use & Disposal Survey, Final Report." <http://static1.squarespace.com/static/54806478e4b0dc44e1698e88/t/5488541fe4b03c0a9b8ee09b/1418220575693/NtlBiosolidsReport-20July07.pdf>, 20 July 2007. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 24. 87% of Oregon biosolids land applied. Kennedy, Paul. "Biosolids 101." Water Environment School 2015. Clackamas Community College, Clackamas. 25 Mar. 2015. Lecture. <https://www.clackamas.edu/uploadedFiles/Departments/Water_and_Environmental_Technology/Water_Environment_School/Content/BIOSOLIDS%20101%20ROADMAP%20OF%20OREGONS%20BIOSOLIDS%20PROGRAM.pdf> |
The Nitrogen Cycle Poster Citations: |
Lightning fixes less than 10 teragrams annually
Soil Bacteria and lightning and algae fix approximately 140 teragrams of N annually. Fertilizer releases 80 tg of fixed nitrogen Total release of fixed N from human sources is 210 tg Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6. Rhizobia fixes nitrogen. "These bacteria manufacture an enzyme [Nitrogenase] that enables them to convert gaseous nitrogen directly into plant-usable forms" Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6. Lightning, with Rain's assistance Fixes nitrogen N2 + O2 + heat 10,000K and pressure ----> 2NO 2NO+ O2 + more heat and pressure ---> 2NO2 2NO2 + H2O ----> HNO3 + HNO2 they release the H when they combine with more rain HNO3---> H+ + NO3- HNO2---> H+ + NO2- "Nitrogen Fixation." Kapi'olani Community College Library. 8/18/20 Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria 2N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 Azotobacter and cyanobacteria live freely and fix nitrogen. Some bacteria live symbiotically with plants like Rhizobium. Plants that are friends with Rhizobium include peas, alfalfa, clover and other leguminous plants. Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216. ATP and nitrogenase are used by N fixing bacteria for fixing Nitrogen from the air into ammonia for plants. Nitrogenase is an enzyme consisting of two protein subunits, one containing one atom of iron the other molybdenum. The enzyme works most efficiently with low levels of oxygen. N fixing bacteria obtain the energy to reduce N2 into NH3 from oxidizing sugars and other organic compounds. Metzler, David and Carol. Biochemistry: the Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. 2 vols. San Diego: Elsevier, 2003. p 1366 Ling Yung, Yuk. Photochemistry of Planetary atmospheres. Oxford University Press: New York. 1999. pg 349.] Total input of Nitrogen from the air to the soil is 200 Mt-N per year. 100 MT-N is fixed biologically 65 Mt-N via rain and lightning 40 Mt-N Haber Bosch Terrestrial biofixation: 140 million mg per year oceanic biofixation 20-120 industrial fixation- 89 terrestrial combustion processes- 19 Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. pg 131 Nitrogen Reactions in the Soil Mineralization is the transformation of organic nitrogen to inorganic forms. the two steps are aminization (organic N becomes amino N) then ammonification (amino N becomes ammonium N). Camberato, James J. "Nitrogen in Soil and FErtilizers." SC Turfgrass Foundation News, January-March 22011, vol 8 n 1. 6-10. http://www.scstma.org/upkeep/resources/files/Nitrogen%20in%20Soil%20and%20Fertilizers.pdf Aminization: From Meat to Eat: aminzation is when bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes break down complex organic molecules releasing amines and amino acids. Fungi dominate under acidic conditions. Bacteria and Actinomycetes dominate under neutral and alkaline conditions. Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. p 118 Ammonification The conversion of complex organic nitrogen from amines and ammino acids in to ammonium and ammonia. Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. University Press: Cambridge: page 4. 1987. page 7 C2H5NO2 + 1.5O2--->2CO2 + H2O + NH3 (many bacteria, most plants and animals do this pg 216, Ricklefs. Ecology. Ammonia readily Volatizes when exposed to air. NH3 + CO2 ---> NH2OH--->NO2 Jorgensen, Sven Erik. Ecosystem Ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2009. page171 Nitrification is the converstion of ammonium to nitrate. A two step reaction. also page 171 Jorgensen NH3 ammonium +1.5O2--->HNO2 nitrite +H2O by Nitrosomonas KNO2 nitrite +1/2O2--->KNO3 nitrate by Nitrobacter Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216. and Camberato, James. Plants uptake ammonium and nitrate. Camberato, James. De nitrification also page 171 Jorgensen NO3- nitrate reduced to --> NO2 Pseudomonas nitrite reduced again to NO ---> N2O reduced again (meaning oxygen is removed)--->N2 occurs under anaerobic conditions Ammonia and Water make Ammonium! and Plants Dig it NH3 + H2O ---> NH4+ + OH- Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. page 4. Leaching "Leaching is the downward movement of nitrogen with water percolation through the soil profile. How much nitrogen is lost from the rootzone is dependent on the nitrogen form present, soil type, the amount of rainfall in relation to evapotranspiration, and the depth of the rootzone." Caberato, James. 6 Eutrophication: when there's a surge in nutrients entering a body of water phytoplankton and algae grow at a faster rate which can consume all the oxygen in the water body, which kills aerobic creatures. Ricklefs page 17. Feces & urine: pg 118. Farallones Institute. The Integral Urban House: Self-Reliant Living in the City. Gabriola Island: New Catalyst Books, 1979, 1991, 2008. pg 118. The atmosphere is 78% N2 and 21% O2 and less than 1% argon p 214 Ricklefs Ecology. Clay binds ammonium Clay particles in the soil are negatively charged which makes them attract and bind ammonium molecules. pg 231 Ricklefs Ecology. Groundwater: When nitrates leach into the groundwater it makes groundwater smell bad. When nitrates build up in the blood it reduces blood's capacity to bind with oxygen which can be a problem for infant animals and humans. The primary cause is excessive fertilization for agricultural purposes. Bell, Fred. Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice. Malden: Blackwell, 1998. pg 277. |
Lightning fixes less than 10 teragrams annually
Soil Bacteria and lightning and algae fix approximately 140 teragrams of N annually.
Fertilizer releases 80 tg of fixed nitrogen
Total release of fixed N from human sources is 210 tg
Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
Rhizobia fixes nitrogen.
"These bacteria manufacture an enzyme [Nitrogenase] that enables them to convert
gaseous nitrogen directly into plant-usable forms"
Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
Lightning, with Rain's assistance Fixes nitrogen
N2 + O2 + heat 10,000K and pressure ----> 2NO
2NO+ O2 + more heat and pressure ---> 2NO2
2NO2 + H2O ----> HNO3 + HNO2 they release the H when they combine with more rain
HNO3---> H+ + NO3-
HNO2---> H+ + NO2-
"Nitrogen Fixation." Kapi'olani Community College Library. 8/18/20
Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria
2N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3
Azotobacter and cyanobacteria live freely and fix nitrogen.
Some bacteria live symbiotically with plants like Rhizobium. Plants that are friends with Rhizobium include peas, alfalfa, clover and other leguminous plants.
Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216.
ATP and nitrogenase are used by N fixing bacteria for fixing Nitrogen from the air into ammonia for plants. Nitrogenase is an enzyme consisting of two protein subunits, one containing one atom of iron the other molybdenum. The enzyme works most efficiently with low levels of oxygen. N fixing bacteria obtain the energy to reduce N2 into NH3 from oxidizing sugars and other organic compounds.
Metzler, David and Carol. Biochemistry: the Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. 2 vols. San Diego: Elsevier, 2003. p 1366
Ling Yung, Yuk. Photochemistry of Planetary atmospheres. Oxford University Press: New York. 1999. pg 349.]
Total input of Nitrogen from the air to the soil is 200 Mt-N per year. 100 MT-N is fixed biologically
65 Mt-N via rain and lightning
40 Mt-N Haber Bosch
Terrestrial biofixation: 140 million mg per year
oceanic biofixation 20-120
industrial fixation- 89
terrestrial combustion processes- 19
Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. pg 131
Nitrogen Reactions in the Soil
Mineralization is the transformation of organic nitrogen to inorganic forms.
the two steps are aminization (organic N becomes amino N) then ammonification (amino N becomes ammonium N).
Camberato, James J. "Nitrogen in Soil and FErtilizers." SC Turfgrass Foundation News, January-March 22011, vol 8 n 1. 6-10.
http://www.scstma.org/upkeep/resources/files/Nitrogen%20in%20Soil%20and%20Fertilizers.pdf
Aminization: From Meat to Eat: aminzation is when bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes break down complex organic molecules releasing amines and amino acids.
Fungi dominate under acidic conditions.
Bacteria and Actinomycetes dominate under neutral and alkaline conditions.
Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. p 118
Ammonification
The conversion of complex organic nitrogen from amines and ammino acids in to ammonium and ammonia.
Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. University Press: Cambridge: page 4. 1987. page 7
C2H5NO2 + 1.5O2--->2CO2 + H2O + NH3 (many bacteria, most plants and animals do this pg 216, Ricklefs. Ecology.
Ammonia readily Volatizes when exposed to air.
NH3 + CO2 ---> NH2OH--->NO2
Jorgensen, Sven Erik. Ecosystem Ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2009. page171
Nitrification is the converstion of ammonium to nitrate. A two step reaction.
also page 171 Jorgensen
NH3 ammonium +1.5O2--->HNO2 nitrite +H2O by Nitrosomonas
KNO2 nitrite +1/2O2--->KNO3 nitrate by Nitrobacter
Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216.
and Camberato, James.
Plants uptake ammonium and nitrate.
Camberato, James.
De nitrification also page 171 Jorgensen
NO3- nitrate reduced to --> NO2 Pseudomonas
nitrite reduced again to NO ---> N2O reduced again (meaning oxygen is removed)--->N2
occurs under anaerobic conditions
Ammonia and Water make Ammonium! and Plants Dig it
NH3 + H2O ---> NH4+ + OH-
Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. page 4.
Leaching
"Leaching is the downward movement of nitrogen with water percolation through the soil profile. How much nitrogen is lost from the rootzone is dependent on the nitrogen form present, soil type, the amount of rainfall in relation to evapotranspiration, and the depth of the rootzone."
Caberato, James. 6
Eutrophication: when there's a surge in nutrients entering a body of water phytoplankton and algae grow at a faster rate which can consume all the oxygen in the water body, which kills aerobic creatures.
Ricklefs page 17.
Feces & urine: pg 118. Farallones Institute. The Integral Urban House: Self-Reliant Living in the City. Gabriola Island: New Catalyst Books, 1979, 1991, 2008. pg 118.
The atmosphere is 78% N2 and 21% O2 and less than 1% argon
p 214 Ricklefs Ecology.
Clay binds ammonium
Clay particles in the soil are negatively charged which makes them attract and bind ammonium molecules. pg 231 Ricklefs Ecology.
Groundwater: When nitrates leach into the groundwater it makes groundwater smell bad. When nitrates build up in the blood it reduces blood's capacity to bind with oxygen which can be a problem for infant animals and humans. The primary cause is excessive fertilization for agricultural purposes.
Bell, Fred. Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice. Malden: Blackwell, 1998. pg 277.
Soil Bacteria and lightning and algae fix approximately 140 teragrams of N annually.
Fertilizer releases 80 tg of fixed nitrogen
Total release of fixed N from human sources is 210 tg
Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
Rhizobia fixes nitrogen.
"These bacteria manufacture an enzyme [Nitrogenase] that enables them to convert
gaseous nitrogen directly into plant-usable forms"
Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6.
Lightning, with Rain's assistance Fixes nitrogen
N2 + O2 + heat 10,000K and pressure ----> 2NO
2NO+ O2 + more heat and pressure ---> 2NO2
2NO2 + H2O ----> HNO3 + HNO2 they release the H when they combine with more rain
HNO3---> H+ + NO3-
HNO2---> H+ + NO2-
"Nitrogen Fixation." Kapi'olani Community College Library. 8/18/20
Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria
2N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3
Azotobacter and cyanobacteria live freely and fix nitrogen.
Some bacteria live symbiotically with plants like Rhizobium. Plants that are friends with Rhizobium include peas, alfalfa, clover and other leguminous plants.
Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216.
ATP and nitrogenase are used by N fixing bacteria for fixing Nitrogen from the air into ammonia for plants. Nitrogenase is an enzyme consisting of two protein subunits, one containing one atom of iron the other molybdenum. The enzyme works most efficiently with low levels of oxygen. N fixing bacteria obtain the energy to reduce N2 into NH3 from oxidizing sugars and other organic compounds.
Metzler, David and Carol. Biochemistry: the Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. 2 vols. San Diego: Elsevier, 2003. p 1366
Ling Yung, Yuk. Photochemistry of Planetary atmospheres. Oxford University Press: New York. 1999. pg 349.]
Total input of Nitrogen from the air to the soil is 200 Mt-N per year. 100 MT-N is fixed biologically
65 Mt-N via rain and lightning
40 Mt-N Haber Bosch
Terrestrial biofixation: 140 million mg per year
oceanic biofixation 20-120
industrial fixation- 89
terrestrial combustion processes- 19
Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. pg 131
Nitrogen Reactions in the Soil
Mineralization is the transformation of organic nitrogen to inorganic forms.
the two steps are aminization (organic N becomes amino N) then ammonification (amino N becomes ammonium N).
Camberato, James J. "Nitrogen in Soil and FErtilizers." SC Turfgrass Foundation News, January-March 22011, vol 8 n 1. 6-10.
http://www.scstma.org/upkeep/resources/files/Nitrogen%20in%20Soil%20and%20Fertilizers.pdf
Aminization: From Meat to Eat: aminzation is when bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes break down complex organic molecules releasing amines and amino acids.
Fungi dominate under acidic conditions.
Bacteria and Actinomycetes dominate under neutral and alkaline conditions.
Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. p 118
Ammonification
The conversion of complex organic nitrogen from amines and ammino acids in to ammonium and ammonia.
Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. University Press: Cambridge: page 4. 1987. page 7
C2H5NO2 + 1.5O2--->2CO2 + H2O + NH3 (many bacteria, most plants and animals do this pg 216, Ricklefs. Ecology.
Ammonia readily Volatizes when exposed to air.
NH3 + CO2 ---> NH2OH--->NO2
Jorgensen, Sven Erik. Ecosystem Ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2009. page171
Nitrification is the converstion of ammonium to nitrate. A two step reaction.
also page 171 Jorgensen
NH3 ammonium +1.5O2--->HNO2 nitrite +H2O by Nitrosomonas
KNO2 nitrite +1/2O2--->KNO3 nitrate by Nitrobacter
Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216.
and Camberato, James.
Plants uptake ammonium and nitrate.
Camberato, James.
De nitrification also page 171 Jorgensen
NO3- nitrate reduced to --> NO2 Pseudomonas
nitrite reduced again to NO ---> N2O reduced again (meaning oxygen is removed)--->N2
occurs under anaerobic conditions
Ammonia and Water make Ammonium! and Plants Dig it
NH3 + H2O ---> NH4+ + OH-
Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. page 4.
Leaching
"Leaching is the downward movement of nitrogen with water percolation through the soil profile. How much nitrogen is lost from the rootzone is dependent on the nitrogen form present, soil type, the amount of rainfall in relation to evapotranspiration, and the depth of the rootzone."
Caberato, James. 6
Eutrophication: when there's a surge in nutrients entering a body of water phytoplankton and algae grow at a faster rate which can consume all the oxygen in the water body, which kills aerobic creatures.
Ricklefs page 17.
Feces & urine: pg 118. Farallones Institute. The Integral Urban House: Self-Reliant Living in the City. Gabriola Island: New Catalyst Books, 1979, 1991, 2008. pg 118.
The atmosphere is 78% N2 and 21% O2 and less than 1% argon
p 214 Ricklefs Ecology.
Clay binds ammonium
Clay particles in the soil are negatively charged which makes them attract and bind ammonium molecules. pg 231 Ricklefs Ecology.
Groundwater: When nitrates leach into the groundwater it makes groundwater smell bad. When nitrates build up in the blood it reduces blood's capacity to bind with oxygen which can be a problem for infant animals and humans. The primary cause is excessive fertilization for agricultural purposes.
Bell, Fred. Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice. Malden: Blackwell, 1998. pg 277.
