Sewer Poster Citations  | *Please note that disinfection with bleach ALSO occurs after the clarifier (the last stage of wastewater treatment). 1. Portland’s first sewers were built in 1864. Today 1/3 of the pipes are over 80 years old. “River Views.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, Spring 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < http://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/487721>. 2. Residential Users: About 700,000 and expected to double in the next 20 years. Christensen, Nick. "Portland Region Grows to 2.35 Million Residents, Census Estimates, with Newcomers Leading the Way." Metro News. Metro, 26 Mar. 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2015. <http://www.oregonmetro.gov/news/portland-region-grows-235-million-residents-census-estimates-newcomers-leading-way> "The City of Portland, Oregon." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant RSS. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 9 Jan. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/41962>. 3. Commercial Users: Pre-treated since 1982. "About Industrial Pretreatment Program." City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.portlandoregon.gov/BES/article/325124>. 4. 39% of Stormwater caught by the sewer, 35% absorbed by bioswales & permeable pavement, and 26% goes elsewhere. Baker, Linda. "New Strategies for Controlling Stormwater Overflows."New Strategies for Controlling Stormwater Overflows. Governing the States and Localities, 1 Feb. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.governing.com/topics/energy-env/New-Strategies-Controlling-Stormwater-Overflows.html>. 6. About 4 overflows/year. “The program reduced CSOs to the Columbia Slough by more than 99% and to the Willamette River by 94%. Instead of an average of 50 Willamette River CSO events each year, there are now an average of four CSO events each winter and one event every third summer during only very heavy rain storms.” "The City of Portland, Oregon." Combined Sewer Overflow Control RSS. Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland, 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/316721>. 7. Big Pipe completed 2011, cost $1.4 billion. Captures 96% of sewer overflows. Capturing another 3% of overflows would cost an additional $300+ million. Beth Slovic, "Portland's $1.4 Billion Big Pipe Project Comes to an End after 20 Years." The Oregonian, 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/portlands_14_billion_big_pipe.html> 8. East side big pipe is 22’ diameter for 6 miles, wide enough to fit a Trimet bus. "The City of Portland, Oregon." Combined Sewer Overflow Control RSS. Bureau of Environmental Services, City of Portland, 13 Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/316721>. 9. 4 tons/day of debris “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008. 18. Print. 10. Settling tank 1952 “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” 18. 11. Sludge moves through settling tank after about 2 hours. Chain pulls solids down. "Treatment Process." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant RSS. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/40669> 12. When it rains sewage is bleached (with sodium hypochlorite), de-bleached (liquid sodium bisulfite since 2000) and then dumped. "Columbia Boulevard Treatment Plant Overview." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/40645> 13. Aerator costs $1 million per year. Aeration, since 1974. "Treatment Process." 14. Clarifier since 1974. Sludge on the bottom of clarifier is circulated back to aerator "Treatment Process." 15. Anaerobic digester since 1974 "Treatment Process." 16. Bacteria eat sludge for 2-4 weeks, sludge is 97% water after treatment Anaerobic Digesters. “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008. 19. Print. 17. 23% of the biogas is flared off. “currently flares about 23 percent of the biogas it produces.” [biogas=60-65% methane] the plant recovers heat from water and engine exhaust to use in its anaerobic digesters. The engine-generators supply about 40 percent of the plant's electrical needs. . . it must be treated to remove hydrogen sulfide, siloxanes and moisture to make it an effective fuel.” “Beneficial Reuse of Biogas." Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant. City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. <https://www.portlandoregon.gov/bes/article/344953>. 17. Built in 1970 "Treatment Process." 18. Polymer added to remove more water from sludge. Operations Specialist, Columbia Blvd Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tour July 16, 2010. The polymer, is most likely polyacrylamide, helps reduce the water in the sludge. Biologically inert, but degrades into highly carcinogenic acrylamide monomer when exposed to UV. 19. Belt Presses since 1993 "Treatment Process." 20. 60 dry tons of Class B biosolids produced daily that are 80% water. "Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant: Design Data- 2008." Bureau of Environmental Services. 2008. Print. 21. Sludge that is still too wet is stored and dried in the lagoon. Ron Lilienthal, Operations Specialist, Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tour July 16, 2010. Seepage to the Columbia Slough Fact Sheet and NPDES Wastewater Discharge Permit Evaluation for City of Portland. File Number 70725. May 6, 2002 <http://www.deq.state.or.us/wqpr/3238_201105270087dCS01.PDF> 22. Class B biosolids are applied to dryland pasture, Wait 30 days before grazing. National Research Council. Biosolids Applied to the Land: Advancing Standards and Practices. Washington: National Academies. 2002. 259. 23. Approximately 55% of the total biosolids generated each year are land applied, with the remainder either incinerated/processed for energy recovery, composted or landfilled. Beecher, Ned. "A National Biosolids Regulation, Quality, End Use & Disposal Survey, Final Report." <http://static1.squarespace.com/static/54806478e4b0dc44e1698e88/t/5488541fe4b03c0a9b8ee09b/1418220575693/NtlBiosolidsReport-20July07.pdf>, 20 July 2007. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. 24. 87% of Oregon biosolids land applied. Kennedy, Paul. "Biosolids 101." Water Environment School 2015. Clackamas Community College, Clackamas. 25 Mar. 2015. Lecture. <https://www.clackamas.edu/uploadedFiles/Departments/Water_and_Environmental_Technology/Water_Environment_School/Content/BIOSOLIDS%20101%20ROADMAP%20OF%20OREGONS%20BIOSOLIDS%20PROGRAM.pdf> |
Blackwater Down Citations  | Collection: The Big Pipe project in Portland cost $1.44 billion and captures 96% of sewer overflows. Capturing another 3% of overflows would of cost another $300 million Beth Slovic | For The Oregonian/OregonLive. "Portland's $1.4 Billion Big Pipe Project Comes to an End after 20 Years." Portland's $1.4 Billion Big Pipe Project Comes to an End after 20 Years. The Oregonian, 25 Nov. 2011. Web. 17 Oct. 2015. < http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2011/11/portlands_14_billion_big_pipe.html> Treatment: Most pathogens are adapted for a narrow temperature range around their host’s body temperature, outside that range few survive (Gotaas 81). Gotaas, Harold B. “Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes” p.81. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva. 1956. 1. Sewer --1800s---this is hard to date because basically there were sewers for storm water an then we started putting our shit in them… Johnson, Steven. The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic--and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World. New York: Riverhead Books, 2006. 2. Flush Toilet Late 1700s Johnson, Steven. 1. 3. Regular flow flush: 1.28 - 5 gallons Two-piece Toilets. Kohler. Web. 18 Oct. 2015. <http://www.us.kohler.com/us/Toilets-Two-piece-Toilets>. 4. Standing water acts as a seal 5. S-Curve (or U-bend) developed and refined in the 1880s to prevent sewage gas from entering homes. 6. Sewers 1800s for sewage Johnson, Steven. 1. 7. Leakage depends on the age of pipes. Hong Kong: 8% England 20-25% Amick, Robert S., Edward H. Burgess, and Inc Management. Exfiltration in Sewer Systems. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, 2000. 18. Print. 8. Wastewater treatment Plant In Portland 1952 “Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant.” City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, 2008. 18. Print. 9. Currently there are no laws on medications in drinking or waste water in the US. Bienkowski, Brian. "Only Half of Drugs Removed by Sewage Treatment." Scientific American, 22 Nov. 2013. Web. 18 Oct. 2015. <http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/only-half-of-drugs-removed-by-sewage-treatment/>. On Average: 1/2 of pharmaceuticals are broken down by wwtp. Bienkowski, Brian. 10. ½ of all sewage sludge in the US is applied to dry lands. Approximately 55% of the total biosolids generated each year are land applied, with the remainder either incinerated/processed for energy recovery, or landfilled. NEBRA (North East Biosolids and Residuals Association) (2007), A National Biosolids Regulation, Quality, End Use, and Disposal Survey - Final Report, July 20, 2007. 11. Uses 1/5 the water of low flow toilets. Low flow Flush: 0.8/1.28 flush based on Caroma dual-flush toilet, "Profile Smart 305 Round Front Plus." Caroma. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <http://www.caromausa.com/products/index/cu_products/39.php> Vacuum flush: jets group 0.5 to 1.2 liters. “Jets Vacuum Toilet Standard.” Jets Group. Web. 20 Oct 2015. <http://www.jetsgroup.com/en/standard/customer-service/downloads/~/media/8854DC77DAA3422882A3231DD9BB3B84.ashx> 12. Creates 3.4 cubic meters of blackwater per household per year. “Vacuum toilet.” Avloppsguiden. Web. 20 Oct 2015. http://husagare.avloppsguiden.se/vakuumtoalett.html 13. Remaining organic materials absorbed by the soil. 90-95% BOD reduction. “Infiltration.” Avloppsguiden. Web. 20 Oct 2015. http://husagare.avloppsguiden.se/infiltration.html real source is: Naturvårdsverket, Små avloppsanläggningar (2003) 14. 25-90% of Phosphorus clings to the soil depending on the type of soil. Avloppsguiden. Ellis, B.G., and A.E. Erickson. 1969. Movement and Transformation of Various Phosphorus Compounds in Soils. Michigan State University, Soil Science Department, East Lansing, MI. 15. 10-40% removal N “Infiltration.” Avloppsguiden. Web. 20 Oct 2015. <http://husagare.avloppsguiden.se/infiltration.html> real source is: Naturvårdsverket, Små avloppsanläggningar (2003) 16. After 2 year retention the World Health Organizatoin (WHO) considers even mismanaged compost pile ready for reuse on crops. "Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture." Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater. Vol. IV. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006. Print. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/index.html 17. 1.3 m3 (1.7 cubic yards) needed per household/year Jenkins, Joe. "Thermophilic Composting as a Sanitation Alternative." Dry Toilet Conference 2015, 2015. Web. 23 Oct. 2015. < http://www.huussi.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Jenkins_Dry_Toilet_2015_Final.pdf> 18. Foam flushing composting toilet uses 3 oz of foaming biodegradable alcohol, per flush. "Composting Toilets at The Bullitt Center." Code Innovations Database. Northwest Ecobuilding Guild. Web. 23 Oct. 2015. < http://www.ecobuilding.org/code-innovations/case-studies/composting-toilets-at-the-bullitt-center> 19. Gates has invested about $6.5 million in the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge today (Reuters). Rigby, Bill. "Bill Gates' Foundation Puts Money on Solar-powered Toilet." Reuters, 14 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Oct. 2015. < http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/15/us-gatesfoundation-toilets-idUSBRE87E01K20120815> 20. Scientists estimate there are 25 years left of the US’s P reserves (17). Roosevelt, F.D. Message to Congress on Phosphates for Soil Fertility; Online by Peters G.; Woolley, J.T. The American Presidency Project. 20 May 1938. Available online: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15643 (accessed on 13 March 2011). 21. Phopshoruous is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth, with 85% of it located in just 5 countries, it is impertive that we learn how to reuse the P in our excrement efficiently. Van Kauwenbergh, S. World Phosphate Reserves and Resources; International Fertilizer Development Centre (IFDC): Washington, DC, USA, 2010; p. 43. 22. If your excrement were properly handled its nutrients could fertilizer a 50’ by 50’ garden adn produce 6070 servings of fruits and vegetables. That’s enough to feed 6 people 3 servings per day for a year (13) Garden: “Intensive Vegetable Production” Journal of the New Alchemists 4. 1977. 47-55. “A Study of the Energy Efficiency of Intensive Vegetable Production” Journal of the New Alchemists 5. 1979. 62-68. |
Nitrogen Cycle Citations  | Lightning fixes less than 10 teragrams annually Soil Bacteria and lightning and algae fix approximately 140 teragrams of N annually. Fertilizer releases 80 tg of fixed nitrogen Total release of fixed N from human sources is 210 tg Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6. Rhizobia fixes nitrogen. "These bacteria manufacture an enzyme [Nitrogenase] that enables them to convert gaseous nitrogen directly into plant-usable forms" Vitousek, Peter M. et al. (1997). “Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences,” Issues in Ecology, No. 1, pp. 4-6. Lightning, with Rain's assistance Fixes nitrogen N2 + O2 + heat 10,000K and pressure ----> 2NO 2NO+ O2 + more heat and pressure ---> 2NO2 2NO2 + H2O ----> HNO3 + HNO2 they release the H when they combine with more rain HNO3---> H+ + NO3- HNO2---> H+ + NO2- "Nitrogen Fixation." Kapi'olani Community College Library. 8/18/20 Nitrogen Fixation by bacteria 2N2 + 3H2 ---> 2NH3 Azotobacter and cyanobacteria live freely and fix nitrogen. Some bacteria live symbiotically with plants like Rhizobium. Plants that are friends with Rhizobium include peas, alfalfa, clover and other leguminous plants. Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216. ATP and nitrogenase are used by N fixing bacteria for fixing Nitrogen from the air into ammonia for plants. Nitrogenase is an enzyme consisting of two protein subunits, one containing one atom of iron the other molybdenum. The enzyme works most efficiently with low levels of oxygen. N fixing bacteria obtain the energy to reduce N2 into NH3 from oxidizing sugars and other organic compounds. Metzler, David and Carol. Biochemistry: the Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. 2 vols. San Diego: Elsevier, 2003. p 1366 Ling Yung, Yuk. Photochemistry of Planetary atmospheres. Oxford University Press: New York. 1999. pg 349.] Total input of Nitrogen from the air to the soil is 200 Mt-N per year. 100 MT-N is fixed biologically 65 Mt-N via rain and lightning 40 Mt-N Haber Bosch Terrestrial biofixation: 140 million mg per year oceanic biofixation 20-120 industrial fixation- 89 terrestrial combustion processes- 19 Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. pg 131 Nitrogen Reactions in the Soil Mineralization is the transformation of organic nitrogen to inorganic forms. the two steps are aminization (organic N becomes amino N) then ammonification (amino N becomes ammonium N). Camberato, James J. "Nitrogen in Soil and FErtilizers." SC Turfgrass Foundation News, January-March 22011, vol 8 n 1. 6-10. http://www.scstma.org/upkeep/resources/files/Nitrogen%20in%20Soil%20and%20Fertilizers.pdf Aminization: From Meat to Eat: aminzation is when bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes break down complex organic molecules releasing amines and amino acids. Fungi dominate under acidic conditions. Bacteria and Actinomycetes dominate under neutral and alkaline conditions. Prasad, Rajendra and J.F. Power. Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. p 118 Ammonification The conversion of complex organic nitrogen from amines and ammino acids in to ammonium and ammonia. Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. University Press: Cambridge: page 4. 1987. page 7 C2H5NO2 + 1.5O2--->2CO2 + H2O + NH3 (many bacteria, most plants and animals do this pg 216, Ricklefs. Ecology. Ammonia readily Volatizes when exposed to air. NH3 + CO2 ---> NH2OH--->NO2 Jorgensen, Sven Erik. Ecosystem Ecology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 2009. page171 Nitrification is the converstion of ammonium to nitrate. A two step reaction. also page 171 Jorgensen NH3 ammonium +1.5O2--->HNO2 nitrite +H2O by Nitrosomonas KNO2 nitrite +1/2O2--->KNO3 nitrate by Nitrobacter Ricklefs, Robert, and Gary Leon Miller. Ecology. 4th Edition. New York: Freeman, 2000. page 216. and Camberato, James. Plants uptake ammonium and nitrate. Camberato, James. De nitrification also page 171 Jorgensen NO3- nitrate reduced to --> NO2 Pseudomonas nitrite reduced again to NO ---> N2O reduced again (meaning oxygen is removed)--->N2 occurs under anaerobic conditions Ammonia and Water make Ammonium! and Plants Dig it NH3 + H2O ---> NH4+ + OH- Sprent, Janet. The Ecology of the Nitrogen Cycle. Cambridge: University Press, 1987. page 4. Leaching "Leaching is the downward movement of nitrogen with water percolation through the soil profile. How much nitrogen is lost from the rootzone is dependent on the nitrogen form present, soil type, the amount of rainfall in relation to evapotranspiration, and the depth of the rootzone." Caberato, James. 6 Eutrophication: when there's a surge in nutrients entering a body of water phytoplankton and algae grow at a faster rate which can consume all the oxygen in the water body, which kills aerobic creatures. Ricklefs page 17. Feces & urine: pg 118. Farallones Institute. The Integral Urban House: Self-Reliant Living in the City. Gabriola Island: New Catalyst Books, 1979, 1991, 2008. pg 118. The atmosphere is 78% N2 and 21% O2 and less than 1% argon p 214 Ricklefs Ecology. Clay binds ammonium Clay particles in the soil are negatively charged which makes them attract and bind ammonium molecules. pg 231 Ricklefs Ecology. Groundwater: When nitrates leach into the groundwater it makes groundwater smell bad. When nitrates build up in the blood it reduces blood's capacity to bind with oxygen which can be a problem for infant animals and humans. The primary cause is excessive fertilization for agricultural purposes. Bell, Fred. Environmental Geology: Principles and Practice. Malden: Blackwell, 1998. pg 277. |
Oh, the Places You Can Go! Citations  | Latrines: Elizabeth Tilley et al. "Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies." Eawag Sandec, 2008. . "Parasites." Radiolab. WNYC, New York. Season 6, Episode 3 for the fact on latrine depth. Moule's earth closet: the best contemporary account: Waring Jr., George E. "Village Sanitary Work," Scribner's Monthly, Vol. XIV, No. 2, 176-187. See page 185-186. Composting Toilets: Pictured toilets are well described in the Composting Toilet Systems Book if you want any sort of composting toilet, buy this book. Del Porto, David and Carol Steinfeld, "The Composting Toilet System Book" Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention: Concord, 2000. Clivus Multrum page 76 Dual Vault Composting Toilet, Vietnam page 100 Not the same model, but similar to a Biolet, or "cottage model" toilet. Wheelie Batch Composter page 94 Micro flush systems page 115 Desiccating Toilets: Many are custom-built, but a commercial one is the Eloo by SWSLOO SWSLoo.com Also see: Thomas Redlinger, "Ecological Toilets in Hot Arid Climates." EcoSanRes, 2002. Flush Toilets: Elizabeth Tilley et al. "Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies." Eawag Sandec, 2008. . Dual Flush: invented by Caroma Australia www.caroma.com Hochspuler vs Tiefspüler: also called flachspüler, flat flush http://parentingfortherestofus.com/2010/08/the-poop-shelf/ Incinerating Toilets: contemporary models: storburn.ca incinolet.com kerosene: stories from WWII about burning in Kerosene cans. No good citation Packaging toilet Pactotoilet.com dymaxion bathroom: http://www.bfi.org/about-bucky/buckys-big-ideas/dymaxion-world/dymaxion-bathroom Chemical toilet: often aldyhydes, formaldehyde is not very popular anymore but still legal in some places. Based on phone research calling portapotty companies. Most of the "blue stuff" is proprietary and they won't release it's constituents. ADDITIVES: Carbon Matter: also see composting toilet systems book, and Joe Jenkins, Humanure Handbook (excellent but self-published). Water: great coverage of water issues in Sim Van Der Ryn's The Toilet Papers. Basic Chemicals: Poore, G.V. "Dry Methods of Sanitation" LSE Selected Pamphlets (1894). Also: Powell, W. A. Manchester . "The Pail Closet System: Progress at Manchester." Selected Pamphlets, University of Manchester, 1877. Acids, Etc: aldyhydes- based on conversations with portable toilet operators an exhaustive 19th century list: "Methods of Disinfection Recommended by the Department of Health of the City of New York" The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 1, No. 8 (May 1901), pp. 546-554. Also: Poore, G.V. "Dry Methods of Sanitation" LSE Selected Pamphlets (1894). Squat Toilets: squatting and health: Rane, Ajay, "Does micturition improve in the squatting position?" Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, April 2008, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p317-319. simple answer about peeing (micturition): probably no health benefits if you're from a Western country and can't really squat Narmada, Gupta. "Does position affect uroflowmetry Parameters in women?" Urologia Internationalis, January 2008, Vol. 80 Issue 1, p37-40 Yes, squatting makes you pee faster and more completely, if you are from a country where you've been trained to squat. "Anglo-Indian" http://www.commanderwatertech.com/angloindian.html Piss Pots: Horan, Julie. The Porcelain God: A social history of the toilet. Secaucus: Carol Publishing. 1996. FUD, Female Urinals: the best article on the topic is in: Greed, Clara. "Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets" Oxford: Linacre House. 2003. Waterless urinal inserts: pictured is the Waterless Ecotrap http://www.waterless.com/ ZeroFlush waterless urinal http://www.zeroflush.com/ Urine Collection Device Stadium Pal and Stadium Gal are the current big commercial products: http://www.stadiumpal.com/what-makes-it-work.htm Check out all the contraptions on http://www.biorelief.com Female Hand Technique: There are all sorts of unsupported claims all over the internet about women in the Philippines and West Africa, but we personally know one woman who can walk into the mens room and pee through her fly. She practiced in the shower. |
Aerobic Decomposition | genus Thermus First found in thermal vents in Japan Oshima & Imahori (1974). "Description of Thermus thermophilus: a nonsporulating thermophilic bacterium from Japanese thermal spa." Int J Syst Bacteriol. 24: 102–112. doi:10.1099/00207713-24-1-102. dormant and dead bugs Non-heat loving organisms go dormant or die in thermophilic conditions streptomyces- Hundreds of antibiotics, antibacterials and antifungals are derived from streptomycin, including the antibiotic Streptomycin. Watve MG, Tickoo R, Jog MM, Bhole BD (November 2001). "How many antibiotics are produced by the genus Streptomyces?". Arch Microbiol. 176 (5): 386–90. doi:10.1007/s002030100345. PMID 11702082. Geosmin-the smell of earth can be used to determine when compost is ready. Sanabria-Leónpage, Rebeka . "Composting as an Alternative Method to Dispose of Slaughterhouse Wastses in Puerto Rico." Mayaguez: University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus. 2006. pg 48. A lab can detect geosmin at 2.5 pp trillion http://www.benchmarkanalyticslabs.com/geosmin.htm a description of the ridiculous lab testing required to determine geosmin: "Molecular Characterization of Potential Geosmin-Producing Cyanobacteria from Lake Ontario." Waterloo: University of Waterloo. 2006. pg 25. |
Prominent Decomposers Citations | Also: You should buy David Macauley's book How Things Work if you want to learn more about this. Asparagine was the first amino acid discovered in 1806. Vauquelin LN, Robiquet PJ (1806). "The discovery of a new plant principle in Asparagus sativus". Annales de Chimie 57: 88–93. organic compound + O2----> CO2 + H2O + heat Berg, Linda. Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment. Belmont: Thompson. 2008. page 82 Integral Urban House page 120. Peptidoglycen- "Peptidoglycen Biosynthesis." Walker Lab, Harvard University Chemistry Department. Phosopholipids Biochemistry: the chemical reactions of living cells, vol 2 by David E. Metzler and Carol Metzler. p 382 Carbon & Nitrogen pg 128 Integral Urban House Water Ideal ratio is 50%: Direct interviews with Cedar Grove Employee at Seattle Green Conference June 5, 2010. Oxygen & Insulation: 8-13% oxygen Direct interviews with Cedar Grove Employee at Seattle Green Conference June 5, 2010. A review of best practices for composting excrement and food wastes: Co-composting of Faecal Sludge and Municipal Organic Waste: A literature and State of Knowledge Review. Swiss Federation of Environmental Science & Technology. 2003. |
